The Ultimate Guide to Off-Leash Dog Training

Off-leash dog training is more than a skill—it’s a gateway to a stronger, more fulfilling bond between you and your dog. Granting your furry friend the freedom to roam and explore while ensuring they remain responsive to your commands is important. Whether you’re strolling through a quiet park, hiking rugged trails, or simply letting your dog enjoy the backyard, mastering off-leash training transforms these experiences into safe, enjoyable adventures.

This guide is designed for all dog owners, whether you’re starting with a new puppy or refining your older dog’s behavior. We’ll cover the fundamentals, from the definition of off-leash training to step-by-step methods, advanced techniques, and common pitfalls to avoid. Along the way, we’ll emphasize how off-leash training benefits both dogs and their humans, fostering trust, independence, and harmony.

By the end of this guide, you’ll have the tools and confidence to take your dog’s training to the next level. Let’s dive into the world of off-leash training, where freedom meets responsibility, and adventure awaits.

What is Off-Leash Dog Training?

Definition and Overview

Off-leash dog training is a special type of dog education. In this training, dogs learn to follow their owner’s commands without a leash.

This training focuses on trust and communication. It helps dogs have more freedom while staying safe and under control.

Off-leash training is different from standard leash training. It promotes independence in pets. This type of training needs a strong bond and understanding between the owner and the pet.

This type of training can be life-changing for both dog and owner. It allows dogs to explore their environment naturally, which fulfills their instincts and provides mental stimulation. It also makes sure they stay safe, alert, and ready to follow commands. This is true even in distracting or risky situations.

Off-leash training is not the same for every dog. It needs to be adjusted to fit each dog’s personality, breed, and past training. For example, a very energetic Border Collie may do well with planned off-leash tasks. In contrast, a more independent breed, like a Siberian Husky, may need extra training to come back reliably.

By mastering off-leash training, owners can give their dogs more freedom. This opens up chances for fun outdoor activities like hiking, swimming, or playing at off-leash parks. Importantly, this training also fosters a sense of discipline and security, enabling dogs to enjoy their freedom responsibly.

Benefits for Owners

Off-leash training doesn’t just improve a dog’s life—it makes life easier and more enjoyable for owners too. Whether it’s the joy of watching your dog run freely or the peace of mind that comes with their reliable recall, the benefits extend to both sides of the leash.

Strengthened Bond

Training a dog off-leash builds a foundation of trust and communication. Owners learn to read their dog’s body language and anticipate their needs, while dogs look to their owners for guidance. This mutual understanding deepens the bond between human and pet.

More Enjoyable Outdoor Activities

From hiking to trips to the beach, off-leash training allows for stress-free adventures. Owners don’t have to constantly manage a leash or worry about their dog pulling away. Instead, they can focus on enjoying the experience together.

Confidence and Peace of Mind

Knowing your dog will respond reliably to commands in any situation provides a sense of security. If they face a distraction, a possible danger, or just wander too far, good recall helps them come back when called.

Behavioral Insights

Through off-leash training, owners gain a deeper understanding of their dog’s personality and natural tendencies. This knowledge allows for better communication and more effective problem-solving when behavioral issues arise.

When to Start Dog Off-Leash Training

Determining If Your Dog is Ready

Off-leash training can be incredibly rewarding, but not all dogs are immediately ready to handle the freedom it provides. It’s essential to assess your dog’s behavior, temperament, and skill set before starting this journey. Rushing into off-leash training without proper preparation can lead to setbacks or even unsafe situations.

Reliable Recall

One of the strongest indicators of readiness is a dog’s ability to return promptly when called, even in moderately distracting environments. Reliable recall is the cornerstone of off-leash training and must be firmly established before introducing more freedom. A good rule of thumb is to test recall indoors or in a fenced area and gradually increase the difficulty level.

Mastery of Basic Commands

A dog ready for off-leash training should already understand and respond to foundational commands such as “sit,” “stay,” “leave it,” and “come.” These commands provide the framework for more advanced off-leash techniques. Consistent obedience in both calm and mildly distracting settings is a good sign of readiness.

Calmness Around Distractions

How does your dog behave around other animals, people, or unfamiliar environments? Dogs who stay composed in the face of distractions are better suited for off-leash training. Hyperactive or easily distracted dogs may require more time with leash training before progressing to off-leash scenarios.

Established Bond and Trust

The relationship between owner and dog plays a significant role in off-leash success. Dogs who trust their owners are more likely to stay close and respond to commands. A strong bond ensures that your dog views you as a reliable leader, even in situations where they have the freedom to choose their actions.

Assessing the Training Environment

Even if your dog exhibits signs of readiness, the training environment must also be carefully selected. Controlled settings reduce risks and set your dog up for success during the early stages of off-leash training.

Fenced Areas

Start in secure, enclosed spaces such as a backyard, dog park, or training facility. These environments give your dog a sense of freedom while preventing them from wandering too far.

Low-Distraction Locations

Initially, choose quiet, familiar places with minimal distractions. For example, an empty sports field or a quiet trail can provide an ideal setting for practicing commands and building confidence.

Progression to Open Spaces

As your dog masters off-leash behavior in controlled settings, transition to open areas like parks, nature reserves, or beaches. Always ensure these locations are safe and dog-friendly, with clear boundaries and minimal hazards.

Step-by-Step Off-Leash Dog Training Guide

Training a dog to be off-leash is a gradual process that requires patience, consistency, and a well-structured progression. By following these steps and incorporating real-world applications, you can build your dog’s confidence and obedience, ensuring they’re ready to handle the freedom of off-leash adventures.

Step 1: Start in a Controlled Environment

The first step in off-leash training is to provide your dog with a secure space where they can practice basic commands without risk. Controlled environments minimize distractions and ensure safety, making it easier for your dog to focus on learning.

Choose the Right Space

Begin in a fully enclosed area such as a fenced backyard, an indoor training facility, or a small dog park during quiet hours. The environment should be familiar to your dog to reduce anxiety and keep their attention on you.

Use a Long Leash or Training Line

A long leash (15–30 feet) provides your dog with the freedom to roam while still giving you control. This tool acts as a safety net in case your dog becomes distracted or attempts to wander off.

Practice Basic Commands

Reinforce foundational commands like “sit,” “stay,” and “come.” Keep sessions short—10 to 15 minutes is ideal—to prevent boredom or frustration. Use high-value rewards like favorite treats or toys to keep your dog engaged.

Focus on Recall

During these sessions, recall should be the primary focus. Call your dog to you using their name and the “come” command. When they respond promptly, reward them with enthusiasm to create positive associations.

Build Confidence

Gradually increase the leash length to simulate off-leash conditions. Allow your dog to explore while occasionally calling them back to reinforce their recall skills. Consistency in this step lays the foundation for future success.

Step 2: Use Positive Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement is the cornerstone of effective off-leash training. Rewarding your dog for good behavior encourages them to repeat those actions, creating a cycle of trust and motivation.

Choose High-Value Rewards

Determine what motivates your dog most—whether it’s treats, toys, or praise. High-value rewards should be used during training to emphasize the importance of responding to commands.

Reward Immediately

Timing is critical. Reward your dog immediately after they perform the desired behavior to help them associate the action with the positive outcome. For example, if they return on recall, offer the reward the moment they reach you.

Use a Marker Word or Clicker

Incorporate a marker word like “Yes!” or a clicker to signal that your dog has performed the correct behavior. This clarity reinforces their understanding of what they’re being rewarded for.

Gradually Reduce Rewards

As your dog becomes more consistent, slowly transition from constant treats to intermittent rewards. Replace treats with praise or affection to maintain motivation while reducing dependency on food.

Step 3: Gradually Increase Distractions

Once your dog is comfortable in controlled settings, the next step is to introduce distractions to test and strengthen their focus. Distractions help prepare your dog for real-world off-leash scenarios.

Start Small

Introduce mild distractions, such as a toy placed at a distance or a friend standing nearby. Observe your dog’s ability to remain focused and responsive to commands.

Increase Difficulty

Gradually escalate the complexity of distractions. For example, practice in a backyard with other dogs playing on the other side of the fence, or introduce sounds like squeaky toys or passing cars.

Focus on Recall

Test your dog’s recall in the presence of these distractions. If they hesitate or ignore the command, reduce the distraction level and repeat the exercise until they respond reliably.

Train with Leash Safety

During this phase, keep your dog on a long leash or training line. This allows them to explore the environment without compromising safety.

Use Games to Boost Engagement

Incorporate games like “hide-and-seek” or fetch into training sessions to make learning fun. These games also reinforce recall and strengthen your dog’s bond with you.

Step 4: Moving to Public Spaces

Transitioning from controlled environments to public spaces is a significant milestone in off-leash training. Public areas introduce new challenges, such as unfamiliar people, other dogs, and unpredictable stimuli.

Choose Safe, Open Spaces

Begin with quieter locations like empty parks, secluded hiking trails, or dog-friendly beaches during off-peak hours. Ensure the area is free from hazards like busy roads or wildlife.

Start with a Long Leash

Even in open spaces, use a long leash during the initial sessions. This provides a safety net while giving your dog the freedom to explore.

Practice Consistent Recall

Continue reinforcing recall commands in these new environments. Reward your dog generously for responding, especially when distractions are present.

Monitor Your Dog’s Behavior

Pay attention to your dog’s body language. Signs of anxiety, overexcitement, or fixation on distractions may indicate they need more time in controlled settings before progressing.

Introduce Short Off-Leash Sessions

Once your dog shows reliable obedience on a long leash, try short off-leash sessions in safe, enclosed areas. Gradually extend the time and complexity as they demonstrate confidence and control.

Keep Sessions Short and Positive

Limit training to 15–30 minutes to prevent overstimulation. End each session on a positive note, ensuring your dog associates off-leash training with fun and rewards.

Real-Life Scenarios in Off-Leash Training

Training in real-world environments solidifies your dog’s ability to handle freedom responsibly. Let’s explore specific scenarios and tips:

Hiking Trails

On forest trails, use commands like “leave it” or “wait” when your dog approaches potential hazards, such as wildlife or steep drops. Reward them for compliance to build trust.

Keep initial hikes short and progressively increase the trail length as your dog becomes more confident.

Dog Parks

Use dog parks to practice recall in a social environment. Periodically call your dog back to ensure they remain attentive, even during play.

Observe their interactions and redirect behaviors like rough play or fixation on other dogs.

Beaches or Open Fields

Beaches offer unique distractions like waves and seagulls. Practice long-distance recall and commands like “wait” near the water.

Use a whistle or clicker for commands to ensure your dog hears you over ambient noise.

Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

Off-leash training is rewarding but can be hard. Even the best dog owners can make mistakes during this process. Avoiding these common pitfalls is crucial to ensuring your dog’s safety and the success of your training efforts. Let’s explore these missteps and how to address them effectively.

Not Building a Strong Recall

A good recall is key for off-leash training. However, many owners hurry this step or do not see its importance. If your dog doesn’t come when called, their safety could be at risk in off-leash situations.

Why It Happens:

• Owners skip foundational training or assume their dog will “just figure it out.”
• Inconsistent practice leads to a dog not fully understanding or trusting the recall command.

How to Avoid It:

• Start Small: Practice recall in a controlled environment like a fenced yard before moving to open spaces.
• Use High-Value Rewards: Make sure that coming to you is the best part of your dog’s day. Use treats, toys, or praise they love.
• Make It Fun: Turn recall into a game by incorporating activities like hide-and-seek. Call your dog from different locations, rewarding them enthusiastically when they find you.
• Practice in Varied Settings: Once recall is reliable at home, test it in new environments with gradually increasing distractions.

Overestimating Readiness

Many dog owners think their pet is ready for off-leash training too early. This can cause problems like wandering off, ignoring commands, or reacting badly to distractions.

Why It Happens:

• Overconfidence in a dog’s obedience skills.
• Lack of understanding about how dogs behave in unfamiliar or stimulating environments.

How to Avoid It:

• Evaluate Progress Objectively: Assess your dog’s behavior in controlled environments. Can they handle distractions, stay calm, and respond promptly to commands?
• Start Slowly: Move to off-leash walking in steps. Begin with a long leash in open spaces. Then, try off-leash sessions.
• Observe Behavior: Look for signs of stress, overexcitement, or lack of focus. These indicate your dog might need more practice with basic commands before progressing.

Inconsistent Training

Inconsistency confuses dogs and undermines progress. If you change commands, forget to reward good behavior, or train only sometimes, your dog may not understand what you want.

Why It Happens:

• Busy schedules lead to irregular training sessions.
• Multiple family members use different commands or tones.
• Owners stop reinforcing commands once they see initial success.

How to Avoid It:

• Stick to a Routine: Dedicate time each day to short, focused training sessions. Consistency reinforces good behavior.
• Use Consistent Commands: Ensure everyone involved in training uses the same commands and hand signals. For example, if you say “come,” others shouldn’t use “here.”
• Continue Reinforcement: Even after your dog learns a command, regularly practice it to maintain reliability.

Neglecting Safety Precautions

Safety should always be the top priority during off-leash training. Skipping precautions like using a GPS collar, ID tags, or proper supervision can lead to dangerous situations.

Why It Happens:

• Owners feel confident in their dog’s skills and prematurely remove safety measures.
• Lack of awareness about potential risks in certain environments.

How to Avoid It:

• Equip Your Dog: Always use an ID tag with current contact information. You might also think about using a GPS tracker for extra security.
• Choose Safe Locations: Stay away from places with traffic, steep drops, or water.
• Supervise Always: Never leave your dog unattended in open spaces, even if they’re well-trained.

Failing to Gradually Increase Challenges

Jumping straight from controlled environments to busy public spaces can overwhelm your dog. This often results in disobedience or fear, setting back your training progress.

Why It Happens:

• Owners feel pressured to advance quickly or test their dog in complex environments prematurely.

How to Avoid It:

• Use a Progression Plan: Gradually increase the complexity of distractions and environments. For example, start in a quiet park before progressing to a busy dog beach.
• Set Realistic Goals: Focus on small victories. For example, if your dog comes back to you with small distractions, celebrate that success. Then, you can try harder situations.
• Monitor Stress Levels: Watch for signs of stress, such as pacing, whining, or refusing commands. If these occur, scale back the difficulty.

Over-Reliance on Rewards

Rewards are important in early training. However, some owners do not stop using treats. This can make their dog too dependent on them.

Why It Happens:

• Owners continue rewarding every behavior indefinitely, creating a pattern where the dog expects a treat each time they comply.

How to Avoid It:

• Gradually Phase Out Treats: Once your dog reliably performs a command, replace treats with praise or play. This shift ensures your dog obeys out of habit and not just for food.
• Use Intermittent Reinforcement: Reward your dog sporadically instead of every time. This method keeps them motivated while reducing dependency.
• Incorporate Natural Rewards: Let the environment serve as a reward. For instance, after a successful recall, allow your dog to return to play.

Ignoring Individual Differences

Every dog is unique, and what works for one might not work for another. Failing to tailor training techniques to your dog’s personality, breed, or age can hinder progress.

Why It Happens:

• Owners assume all dogs respond the same way to training methods.
• Lack of research on breed-specific traits and tendencies.

How to Avoid It:

• Understand Your Dog: Research your dog’s breed and personality traits. For example, high-energy breeds may need more physical activity added into training.
• Adjust Techniques: If your dog is stubborn or easily distracted, consider using shorter sessions or varying your approach.
• Be Patient: Recognize that some dogs learn faster than others. Tailor your timeline to your dog’s pace rather than comparing them to others.

Advanced Off-Leash Dog Training Techniques

Once your dog has learned the basics of off-leash training, you can try advanced techniques. These will improve their obedience and responsiveness in tough situations. These methods help strengthen your dog’s skills. They also boost their confidence. This prepares them for real-life situations with distractions and surprises.

Using a Long Leash for Transitioning

A long leash is one of the most valuable tools for bridging the gap between on-leash and off-leash training. It allows your dog to experience freedom while you maintain control and guide their behavior.

Choosing the Right Leash

A 15- to 30-foot leash made from durable material like nylon or biothane is ideal for transitioning. It provides enough freedom for your dog to explore without letting them stray too far.

Practicing Recall

Use the long leash to practice recall in open areas. Let your dog wander within the leash’s range, then call them back to you. Gently guide them in if they hesitate, rewarding them generously when they respond.

Simulating Off-Leash Conditions

Drop the leash during training sessions in secure, enclosed spaces. This allows your dog to feel off-leash while giving you the option to quickly regain control if needed.

Introducing Controlled Distractions

Gradually increase the level of distraction by training near other dogs, joggers, or wildlife. Keep the leash in hand to guide your dog back to focus if they get distracted.

When to Phase Out the Leash

Once your dog consistently responds to commands on the long leash, you can start testing short off-leash sessions in safe, enclosed areas. Always keep the leash nearby for added security during the transition phase.

Recall Under High Distraction

A strong recall is the cornerstone of off-leash training, but real-world environments often introduce distractions that can challenge even the most obedient dogs. Advanced recall techniques help reinforce this skill in high-distraction settings.

Gradual Exposure to Distractions

Start in moderately distracting environments, such as a quiet park with distant activity. Gradually increase the level of difficulty, moving to areas with more stimuli, like a bustling dog park or a beach.

Using a High-Value Reward System

For challenging environments, elevate the value of rewards. Use your dog’s favorite treats, toys, or activities to ensure they prioritize you over distractions.

Incorporate Games to Build Engagement

Games like “hide-and-seek” or “tag” encourage your dog to stay alert and focused on you. For example, hide behind a tree and call your dog. When they find you, reward them enthusiastically.

The Emergency Recall Command

Teach an emergency recall word or phrase (e.g., “here now!”) reserved for urgent situations. Use this command sparingly and always pair it with an extremely high-value reward to ensure your dog responds instantly.

Desensitizing to Common Distractions

Identify specific distractions that challenge your dog, such as other dogs, squirrels, or bicycles. Practice recall in controlled settings where these distractions are present, gradually reducing the distance between your dog and the stimulus.

Advanced Commands for Off-Leash Training

Beyond basic commands, advanced cues provide added control and safety during off-leash activities. These commands are particularly useful in complex environments or when facing unexpected challenges.

Wait Command

• Purpose: To stop your dog in their tracks, preventing them from entering dangerous situations (e.g., crossing a road).
• How to Train: Begin on-leash in a quiet area. Walk with your dog and say “wait” while raising your hand. When they stop, reward them. Gradually increase the distance and distractions as they master the command.

Heel Command

• Purpose: To keep your dog walking calmly at your side, even in distracting environments.
• How to Train: Use a leash initially. Say “heel” and use a treat to guide your dog into position at your side. Reward them for maintaining the position while walking. Transition to off-leash practice in safe spaces once they’re consistent.

Leave It Command

• Purpose: To prevent your dog from picking up or chasing unwanted objects, wild animals, or people.
• How to Train: Hold a treat in your hand and say “leave it.” When your dog backs off, reward them with a different treat. Practice this with various objects and in different environments.

Check-In Command

• Purpose: To encourage your dog to periodically return to you during off-leash exploration without a formal recall.
• How to Train: Reward your dog every time they voluntarily return to you. Gradually introduce the command “check-in” and reinforce with praise or treats.

Proofing Off-Leash Skills

Proofing is the process of ensuring your dog’s obedience is consistent across different environments, distractions, and scenarios. Without proofing, a dog may only respond in familiar or low-stress settings.

Vary the Locations

Practice off-leash training in multiple environments, such as parks, beaches, trails, and urban areas. Exposing your dog to different settings ensures they generalize their obedience.

Add Unexpected Distractions

Introduce surprises like a jogger running by, a dropped toy, or a friend calling your dog. Reward your dog for maintaining focus or responding to commands despite the distraction.

Train with Other Dogs Present

Dogs are often most distracted by other canines. Practice commands in areas where other dogs are playing, gradually moving closer as your dog shows improved focus.

Simulate Emergencies

Create scenarios where your dog must respond quickly, such as calling them back as they approach a “forbidden” area (e.g., a road or body of water). Use an emergency recall command to ensure they understand the urgency.

Real-Life Application of Advanced Techniques

Hiking with Confidence

On a trail, teach your dog to “check-in” every 5–10 minutes. Use commands like “wait” if they approach dangerous terrain or wildlife. Their consistent response ensures a safe and enjoyable hike.

Beach Adventures

At the beach, test recall by allowing your dog to play with other dogs, then call them back intermittently. Commands like “leave it” can prevent them from consuming washed-up debris or chasing seagulls.

Urban Exploration

In a city park or urban trail, use “heel” to guide your dog through crowded areas. Combine it with “wait” to stop at intersections or busy pathways.

The Importance of Professional Guidance

Off-leash training is a complex process that requires patience, consistency, and a solid understanding of canine behavior. While many dog owners can manage the basics independently, professional guidance can be invaluable, especially when facing unique challenges or striving for advanced off-leash skills.

When to Seek Help

Knowing when to involve a professional trainer can make a significant difference in your dog’s off-leash training journey. Certain signs and scenarios indicate it’s time to consult an expert.

Persistent Behavioral Issues

If your dog struggles with aggression, fearfulness, or hyperactivity, these issues can interfere with off-leash training. Professional trainers can identify the root causes and develop strategies to address them effectively.

Unreliable Recall

A dog that ignores recall commands, especially in distracting environments, can pose a safety risk. A trainer can help strengthen this critical skill through targeted exercises and advanced techniques.

Breed-Specific Challenges

Some breeds are naturally independent, energetic, or easily distracted. For example, hounds may be prone to following scents, while herding breeds may chase moving objects. Trainers experienced with specific breeds can tailor training methods to suit your dog’s instincts.

Anxiety in New Environments

Dogs that show signs of stress or anxiety in unfamiliar settings may benefit from professional guidance. Trainers can introduce desensitization techniques to build confidence and reduce fear.

Time Constraints for Owners

Busy schedules can limit your ability to commit to regular training. Professional trainers offer structured programs that ensure consistent progress, even with limited owner availability.

How Professional Trainers Can Help

Professional trainers bring expertise, experience, and proven methods to off-leash training. Here’s how they can support your goals:

Customized Training Plans

Trainers assess your dog’s unique personality, behavior, and training history to create a tailored program. This ensures the training addresses your dog’s specific needs and challenges.

Hands-On Guidance

Trainers provide real-time feedback, demonstrating techniques and correcting mistakes immediately. This accelerates learning for both you and your dog.

Advanced Techniques

For dogs that have mastered the basics, trainers can teach advanced skills like reliable recall in high-distraction settings, emergency commands, and off-leash agility.

Behavioral Insights

Professionals understand canine psychology and can identify subtle signs of stress, overexcitement, or confusion. This expertise helps address underlying issues that might otherwise go unnoticed.

Socialization Opportunities

Many trainers offer group classes or supervised play sessions where your dog can practice off-leash skills around other dogs, helping improve social behavior and focus.

How Toko Dogs Can Help

At Toko Dogs, we specialize in personalized off-leash training programs designed to help dogs and their owners succeed together. Our expert trainers combine positive reinforcement techniques with years of experience to create an effective and enjoyable training process.

Tailored Programs for Every Dog

Whether you have a hyperactive puppy or a cautious senior dog, Toko Dogs offers customized training plans that meet your dog’s unique needs.

Focus on Trust and Communication

We emphasize building a strong bond between you and your dog, ensuring they view you as a reliable leader during off-leash activities.

Training for All Skill Levels

From foundational commands to advanced techniques like recall under high distraction, we provide step-by-step guidance to help your dog progress at their own pace.

Real-World Practice

Our training sessions include opportunities to practice in diverse environments, such as parks, trails, and other off-leash-friendly areas. This helps your dog generalize their skills to real-world scenarios.

Ongoing Support

Training doesn’t stop at the end of a session. We provide resources, tips, and follow-up consultations to ensure long-term success for you and your dog.

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Conclusion

Off-leash dog training is more than just teaching commands—it’s about building trust, fostering independence, and creating a deeper bond between you and your dog. By dedicating time and effort to this process, you unlock a world of freedom and adventure for your furry friend while ensuring their safety and your peace of mind.

Throughout this guide, we’ve explored the what is of off-leash training, from understanding what it entails to mastering step-by-step techniques. We’ve delved into the benefits for both dogs and owners, common mistakes to avoid, and advanced strategies for taking your dog’s skills to the next level. By focusing on consistent practice, positive reinforcement, and gradual progression, you can confidently navigate the challenges of off-leash training and enjoy the many rewards it brings.

But remember, no training journey is ever truly complete. Each session is an opportunity to deepen your bond, refine skills, and celebrate progress—no matter how small. Whether you’re hiking a mountain trail, playing at the beach, or simply enjoying a quiet moment in the park, the trust and connection you’ve built through off-leash training will shine through.

Ready to start your off-leash journey? Check out our Off-Leash Training Services to get expert support and guidance tailored to your dog’s unique needs. Take the first step today and experience the joy of seeing your dog thrive with newfound freedom and confidence!